Picture of Dorian Gray Influence, Corruption and...

Influence, Corruption and Conscience in The Picture of Dorian Gray Oscar Wildes novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray, explores the themes of influence, corruption and conscience. â€Å"The obvious influence of Lord Henry upon Dorian shows how one may corrupt another to such an extent that ones own conscience withers and dies†(Weintraub 116). Basil Hallward, a painter, knows the corruptive influence that Lord Henry can impose upon his model, Dorian Gray. Basil does not want Lord Henry to even meet Dorian because he is afraid that Dorian will be influenced and ruined. Basil begs Henry by saying, Dont spoil him. Dont try to influence him. Your influence would be bad. The world is wide, and has many marvelous people in it.†¦show more content†¦Lord Henry believes that, Conscience and cowardice are really the same things. Conscience is the trade-name of the firm (Wilde 5). In essence, Lord Henry feels that listening to ones conscience and doing the right thing shows weakness and cowardice in a persons character. Since Wilde creates an evil character who holds these beliefs, one can imply that Wilde feels quite the opposite. Wilde must feel that having a conscience and listening to it shows strength in a persons character. Nevertheless, Lord Henry persists in corrupting Dorian. Lord Henry feels that, The only way to get rid of a temptation is to yield to it. Resist it, and your soul grows sick with longing for the things it has forbidden to itself... (Wilde 13). Lord Henry tries to persuade Dorian to believe that listening to his conscience will only bring him pain. Dorian must give into temptation if he wants to be happy. Dorian listens acutely to Henrys words. Dorian now has a justification for ignoring his conscience and acting sinfully. Slowly Henrys influence takes over Dorians conscience. Basil begins to notice this corruption in Dorians face right after Dorian meets Henry. When Basil is painting Dorian, he notices a change. Basil ...deep in his work, and conscious only that a look had come into the lads face that he had never seen there before (Wilde 13). Dorian is loosing his innocence and purity due to Henrys influence and Basil can detectShow MoreRelatedDorian Gray : Moral Responsibility Essay1350 Words   |  6 PagesIn The Picture of Dorian Gray, by Oscar Wilde, it tells of a mans gradual downfall from innocence to corruption. Even the name of the main character in Oscar Wildes tale, Dorian Gray, is very symbolic because ‘gray is the combination of black and white, of good and evil. In many ways, Dorian Gray is the epitome of mankind. Dorian Gray, an innocent and naà ¯ve man, becomes corrupted after having one conversation with Lord Henry Wotton. He shows how easily people can become swayed and changed merelyRead MoreThe Picture of Dorian Gray: Corruption Through Aestheticism1464 Words   |  6 PagesThe Picture of Dorian Gray: Corruption Through Aestheticism The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde is the story of moral corruption by the means of aestheticism. In the novel, the well meaning artist Basil Hallward presets young Dorian Gray with a portrait of himself. After conversing with cynical Lord Henry Wotton, Dorian makes a wish which dreadfully affects his life forever. If it were I who was to be always young, and the picture that was to grow old! For that I would give everythingRead MoreBeauty in The Picture of Dorian Gray Essay1224 Words   |  5 PagesThe Picture of Dorian Gray, beauty is depicted as the driving force in the lives of the three main characters, Dorian, Basil and Lord Henry. Dorian, the main character, believes in seizing the day. Dorian is described as an addict, having mad hungers that grew more ravenous as he fed them. Basil, the artist, admires all that is beautiful in life. Lord Henry, accredited ones physical appearance to the ability of achieving accomplishments in life. Lord Henrys moral position in Dorian Gray is akinRead MoreThe Supernatural in The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde785 Words   |  4 PagesIf you can get past most of the superficial and unlikeable characters in The Picture of Dorian Gray, this story does indeed have its place in the horror genre. While I understand the setting and the characters were a reflection of the actual class distinctions d uring the Victorian time period, I found the shallowness and narcissism of Dorian Gray and his circle of acquaintances tedious. Fops came to mind more than once along with dont these people have a purpose other than to dine out and indulgeRead MoreThemes, Motifs and Symbols in Oscar Wilde’s the Picture of Dorian Gray1436 Words   |  6 PagesThemes, motifs and symbols in Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray The only published novel by Oscar Wilde, which appeared in Lippincott’s Monthly Magazine in 1890, was seen as immoral and scandalous, so the editors of the magazine censored about five hundred words without Wilde’s knowledge. Even with that, the novel was not received very well. Disappointed with this, Wilde revised his novel, added a preface, where he explains his philosophy of art, and six new chapters. Since Wilde was devotedRead More Oscar Wildes The Picture of Dorian Gray Essay examples1731 Words   |  7 PagesOscar Wildes The Picture of Dorian Gray   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Picture of Dorian Gray is a novel by Oscar Wilde. The genre of this novel can be classified as a comedy of manners or a gothic novel. The Picture of Dorian Gray was first published in 1890 in Lippincott’s Monthly Magazine. Another version with an additional six chapters was published in 1891. One of the major themes in the novel was the Supremacy of Beauty and Youth. A very attractive man has a portrait painted of himself, and after being warnedRead MoreThe Picture Of Dorian Gray1211 Words   |  5 PagesIn The Picture of Dorian Gray, Oscar Wilde warns against immorality, vanity and selfishness using his protagonist’s downfall to show the dangers of overindulgence and depravity. The preface is contradictory and reveals that Wilde’s beliefs on art and its ties to morality were inconsistent. He appears to be trying to show that we shouldn’t subscribe to just one clear ideal without questioning it or considering other opinions. Howeve r, it’s clear throughout the book that there is a strong moral ideologyRead MoreDorian Gray And Dr Faustus Literary Analysis1278 Words   |  6 Pages Final Essay Dorian Gray and Dr Faustus By Mohammad Hussain Starting with greed and temptation, then with a sense of immortality, and ending with destruction of one s morals and soul. In the novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray, by Oscar Wilde, the main character trades his soul for what he desires most, beauty and eternal youth. He ends up dying after living a tortuous life because of the damage he has to his soul. Similarly, in Dr. Faustus, a play by Christopher Marlowe, a doctor sells hisRead MoreThe Picture Of Dorian Gray1432 Words   |  6 PagesIn The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde, we see how the different characters show their love of beauty and pleasure and the affects they have on the main character: Dorian Gray. Each of the three main characters, Basil Hallward, Lord Henry Wotton, and Dorian Gray portray a part of how the author felt about himself and the world around him. â€Å"Basil Hallward is what I think I am: Lord Henry what the world thinks of me: Dorian what I would like to be- in other ages, perhaps† (qtd. in B loom pg. 117)Read More Inner and outer beauty in Dorian Gray Essay1495 Words   |  6 Pageswe need to look to the inside – into the soul. This is the place where the real beauty and ugliness are hidden. The notion of inner and outer beauty is perfectly presented in the novel ‘The Picture of Dorian Gray’ by Oscar Wilde. The story described in this book shows how the external attractiveness influences people’s behavior and corrupts the inner beauty. The plot situated in the XIX England perfectly describes the higher class of this period. Shallow and two-faced society is concentrated only

Media Ethics and Hidden Cameras - 5346 Words

Was the use of Hidden Cameras by the News Media Ethically Justified in the Fahey and Todd Cases? Explore Why or Why Not, Referring to Recent Cases [Jane Shannahan] Introduction Right to privacy became an issue in the US as far back as 1890 in words not unfamiliar to 21st century ears: â€Å"The press is overstepping in every direction the obvious bounds of propriety and of decency. Gossip is no longer the resource of the idle and of the vicious, but has become a trade, which is pursued with industry as well as effrontery† (Warren amp; Brandeis, 1890, cited in Pearson, 2005, p.2). Privacy is much more widely violated today due to technology. Ethical guidelines for journalists have not kept up with these changes, augmented by the†¦show more content†¦Similarly, Mark Todd never responded to the accusations against him and any comments were confined to the manner in which the photographs were obtained and the detrimental effect on him, his family and his eventing career. Morgan Fahey’s campaign involved vehemently denying the accusations whilst condemning the method and making similar pleas for understanding. The New Zealand EPMU’s Journalism Code of Ethics contains guiding precepts including the desire that members do not gain by cash or kind; that they are fair in obtaining news and images and are open as to their provenance when in company of subjects/interviewees and respect privacy (http://www.epmu.org.nz/journalism-code-of-ethics/). The NZ Press Council (NZPC) also recognises the importance of privacy in their Statement of Principles. However, the NZPC puts privacy in the overall context of pursuit of the public interest: â€Å"nevertheless the right of privacy should not interfere with publication of matters of public record, or obvious significant public interest† and subterfuge should only be utilised when â€Å"information cannot be obtained in any other way† (http://www.presscouncil.org.nz/principes.html). However, membership of EPMU is not compulsory and neither set of tenets are actually laws. On top of this, the ‘get out’ pertaining to matters of ‘public interest’Show MoreRelatedInvasion Of Privacy And Discrimination Essay1452 Words   |  6 Pagesof our lives and our businesses are no different. Even though we have made huge progress in terms of technology and what not, yet one can always use these technologies in a way that can negatively impact our lives. It all comes down to morality and ethics. In this essay I will be discussing the Ethical issues within Human Resource Management in relation to the invasion of privacy and discrimination and how Human Resource Management can outlay programs where it can achieve its objectives without crossingRead More Use of Bathroom Scenes in the Film Pulp Fiction Essay1640 Words   |  7 Pagesthey’re one of Quentin Tarantino’s favorite tools to use on the big screen. If one were to study the history of American media, he or she may notice that bathrooms are scarcely pictured. In fact, it wasn’t until the 1960 release of Alfred Hitchcock’s Psycho that a toilet was shown in cinema. The featured toilet caused quite a stir among critics, and became a symbol of American ethics. Quentin recognized the subject of morality that resided in the use of bathrooms and used it to his advantage. In hisRead More Parallels Between The Truman Show and Platos Allegory of the Cave866 Words   |  4 Pagesshow, is the only one who doesnt know that he lives in a giant studio and is surrounded by an illusion of reality. The entire world watches Trumans movements twenty four hours a day, seven days a week through the use of thousands of miniature hidden cameras. The Truman Show closely parallels Platos Allegory of the Cave. Initially, Truman is trapped in his own cave; a film set or fictional island known as Seahaven. Truman?s journey or ascension into the real world and into knowledge is similarRead MoreHow I Use Moving Image And Graphic Art1747 Words   |  7 PagesGuardian,† March 2015) For the research, I conduct a number of case studies, a contextual and literature review, which are focused on Middle Eastern and Syrian art. I explore questions around the domestic perspective, as a creative response, and the ethics of war images, all of which will lead me to develop my own practice and reflect upon it. In this way I define my own approach to the subject and point out its differences and similarities with the reviewed creative and academic encounters. The consistentRead More Media Affects on the Self- image of Women Essay916 Words   |  4 Pages Media Affects on the Self- image of Women When you first glance at this article, you might say to yourself â€Å"I know what women in the media is about, its stereotypes and sexism.† What you probably don’t know is that however subtle, these visual cues are affecting women individually and collectively, in how they view themselves and other women. Relationships are a fundamental aspect of women’s behaviorism and advertising exploits this. It turns people into objects and offersRead MoreThe Stanford Prison Experiment1658 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Ethics in psychological research and testing is one of the most important issues today. The Stanford Prison Experiment, conducted over 40 years ago, brought these ethical issues into the limelight and remains one of the most controversial studies in the history of studying human behavior. This paper aims to define ethics, describe risk/benefit ratio, provide a brief background on the Stanford Prison Experiment, and evaluate the impact it has had on psychological research. â€Æ' The StanfordRead MoreThe National Football League Essay1726 Words   |  7 Pageshas since influenced America not only economically but personally as the sport’s dangers are slowly unmasked. The National Football League has been covering up the corruption that has been going on for many decades and as people begin to dig, many hidden truths are beginning to be uncovered. When people think about the NFL, they are reminded of the sport that many have loved so much but little does our society realize the major economic effects that the NFL has on America. Not all of us realize howRead MoreCritical View Into Philip Zimbardo s Stanford Prison Experiment 1530 Words   |  7 Pagesprisoners were arrested, given their arrest rights and underwent the enrolment procedure as is the case with real prisons. After the warden read their ground rules and they settled in their mock cells, their behaviour was monitored closely through hidden cameras mostly. (Martyn, 2008) A day into the experiment the cordial behaviour between the two parties changed. Soon enough the guards ruled while the prisoners no longer fought back but instead submitted to the ill treatment in the hands of the guardsRead MorePrivacy and Citizens Data1498 Words   |  6 Pagesthe antiwar and civil rights movements of the next decade had the federal government been granted such broad powers to monitor and control the civilian population. For example, the DHS admitted to using data mining programs like ADVISE to uncover hidden patterns and relationships among its target groups, and that it had developed these without bothering to address privacy and civil rights concerns at all. Its officials also stated that retrofitting the programs to take account of such issues wouldRead MoreA Discusion of Two Documentaries, Awaiting for Men and Sick: The Life and Death of Bob Flanagan, Supermasochist1677 Words   |  7 Pagesof Bob Flanagan, Supermasochist (1997), his productions were most ly on human sexuality and issues of secrecy such as Twist of Faith (2005), a documentary based Tony Comes experience on a sexual abuse at the hands of a Catholic priest that he kept hidden for 20 years. Could his documentary be a form of a medium for the minority and the abused? Or could his fearless approach to these sensitive issues be a form of education for the society of the exclusive minorities that do exist and to accept them

Organisational Development and Human Resource Management

Abstract Organisations today face many challenges. Organisation must adopt a more strategic perspective for managing employees. This report highlights the key role played by human resource professionals using organisational development techniques to improve the overall organisational effectiveness. Introduction The role of Human Resource Management (HRM) seeks to maximise organisational competiveness and performance through the best practices in the management of people. Management research has also increasingly focused on identifying forms of HRM practices that can increase the performance of the firms (Arkin, 2001). Research had pointed out that a set of ‘Best-Practice’ HRM promises to improve firm performance, or financial outcomes,†¦show more content†¦Hiring the right person whose values, principles and goals that fit with the culture of the organisation with necessary training will go a long way toward ensuring employee loyalty and retention. Success in selection has always been the highlight of high performance HRM models whereas the cost of flawed decisions can be considerable to both the employer and employee. Knowledge about jobs and their requirements must be collected through a process known as job analysis (Werther et al., 2003, pg 119) in which informatio n about jobs is systematically collected, evaluated and organised by the HRD. Pfeffer and Veiga (1999) highlighted the modus operandi in effective hiring and selection. Such selections usually deal with a large number of applicants and the selection process focus on the attributes and critical skill not only for the job but for the future of the organisation as well. Firm should also focus on using suitable hiring techniques that seeks out outstanding candidates who are not only possess technical expertise, but also highly committed and trainable. ïÆ'Ëœ Staff Trainings †¢ In today competitive environment, organisations try to provide their best services to capture market of their product or service. Extensive training improving the job knowledge and skills should apply to all levels of the organisation. It also helps employees identify the organisational goals and this aid in understanding and carrying out organisationalShow MoreRelatedThe Purpose of Human Resource Management Policies in Organisations1323 Words   |  6 PagesThe human resource management plan outlined above covers key areas that require attention in the growth of Merton Campaign Society. Using SMART analysis, the objectives of the HRM plan have been set in a way that they are realistic and sustainable. However, the plan could have been supported by key indications about the available funds for human resource activities and the mechanisms used in the prioritization of human resource projects. In addition, an outline of how the timelines would be achievedRead MoreEssay on Huma n Resource Development1689 Words   |  7 PagesHuman Resource Development (HRD) is often seen to be a central feature of SHRM. Discuss the role and importance of HRD in achieving SHRM organizational outcomes. Introduction Learning and development in the context of organizational development is having an essential role in achieving strategic human resourcing outcome. From attraction and retention, to development and utilisation of human capital, Human Resource Development (HRD) is the centre of strategic focus in HRM. This essay aims to presentRead MoreBackground of Human Resource Management1652 Words   |  7 PagesHRM Early studies on human resource management can be traced under the field of the studies of personnel management (Scott, 1915; Asher, 1972; Campbell et al., 1970). However a shift from personnel management to HRM occurred in the early 1980’s. Some authors (Storey, 1994; Torrington et al., 2008) argue that human resource management has two meanings. According to one of them, human resource management covers the same activities that personnel management used to before the shift inRead MoreThe Importance of Human Resource Management Essay1439 Words   |  6 PagesArmstrong (2006) defined Human Resource Management as a strategic deployment of an organisations most valued assets; the people working there, who individually and collectively contribute to the achievements and the objectives of the business. Links between HRM and performance are predominantly focused on the following practices: sophisticated selection and recruitment methods, training, teamwork, performance-related pay and employment security (Wall, Wood, 2005). Products can be copied, methodsRead MoreHuman Resource Development Essay1671 Words   |  7 PagesHuman Resource Development (HRD) is often seen to be a central feature of SHRM. Discuss the role an d importance of HRD in achieving SHRM organizational outcomes. Introduction Learning and development in the context of organizational development is having an essential role in achieving strategic human resourcing outcome. From attraction and retention, to development and utilisation of human capital, Human Resource Development (HRD) is the centre of strategic focus in HRM. This essay aims to presentRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management Essay1117 Words   |  5 Pages Section One Strategic human resource management (SHRM) is a tactical method for the management of an organisation’s human resource function in line with organisational goals and objectives. SHRM enhances these functions by linking the traditional human resource practices to business strategy and the realization of organisational goals in order to enable the organisation to achieve a competitive advantage. Importance of SHRM in Organisations According to Wei (2006), properly designed and executedRead MoreThe Role Of Human Resource Management ( Hrm ) Within An Organization1544 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction This essay discusses the role and function of Human Resource Management (HRM) within an organisation. The Harvard and Michigan models have been explained within the essay as they support the analysis of â€Å"soft† and â€Å"hard† HR approach that managers adapt when applying the HR policies to achieve different organisational strategies like diversification, acquisition and cost reductions. Subsequent section of the essay will examine the link between HRM and its strategies with examples takenRead MoreDeveloping A Human Resource Strategy For Effective Job Performance829 Words   |  4 Pagessingle approach to developing a human resource strategy for effective job performance. As a matter of fact, the specific approach will vary from organization to organization. Even so, the literature reviewed so far and a consideration of the organizational culture that pertains in the National Commission for Civic Education makes the model presented below an excellent approach. Thi s conceptual model identifies six specific steps in developing an effective human resource strategy: a) Setting the strategicRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management : Marks And Spencer1208 Words   |  5 PagesBusiness environment is facing a rapid change that reminds the business management to focus on its core competencies to survive and sustain in the competitive environment. The core competencies can be developed by strategic human resource management. According to Armstrong (2006) employees are the valued assets for a company. The strategic human resource management is mainly developed in accordance to the fact that human resources need to be managed strategically for the company to enjoy sustainableRead MoreThe Positive and Some Negative Aspecs of Strategic Human Resource Mangement1198 Words   |  5 PagesStrategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) and explores the varying possibilities used to successfully facilitate SHRM within organisations. The significance and advantages of SHRM for organisations is vast and historically evident, consequently the vast literature pe rtaining to SHRM benefits, restricts a comprehensive report covering all aspects and therefore is beyond the limitations of this paper. Historically, the implications of SHRM to organisations has positively correlated to organisational performance

Dermatology free essay sample

Basal layer: it is where we have mitosis, and then the cells will migrate to the layers above. Prickle cell layer (spinous or squamous). * Granular layer. * Horney layer: it is the uppermost layer in the skin, and it is the layer that we see and touch on the surface of the skin, and it is composed of dead cells that had lost their nuclei. As you can see in the picture that the basophilic structures (the nuclei) are not present in this layer. Although the horney layer has dead cells, it is an important layer in the epidermis because it forms a physical barrier line to protect the internal environment. So problems and diseases affecting the horney layer will impair this protecting function leading to infections, allergies†¦ This is how the skin looks under the microscope. The bulk of the skin is dermis; 9/10th of the skin is dermis, and the bulk of dermis consists of collagen (mostly type 1 collagen). The blue things are the nuclei, and the horney layer is devoid of nuclei. And this is the normal basket-weave appearance of the skin. Epidermal cells: * Keratinocytes: the majority. Melanocytes: they are the color-producing cells in the epidermis that produce melanin which is then transferred to keratinocytes. Melanin absorbs UV light and inactivates it, otherwise we have a risk of having cancer. So western communities that have a white skin color (low activity of melanocytes) are more prone to have skin cancers, and the most common type of cancer in the western community is skin cancer; in particular the basal cell carcinoma. * Langerhans cells: they are the macrophages of the skin, and the predominant antigen-presenting cells in epidermis and dermis. And as we know, macrophages have different names in different tissues; in the liver they are called kupffer cells, and in the brain they are called microglial cells. Their function is to take the antigens, process them, and then present them to T lymphocytes, and then they go to the lymph nodes where their action starts. * Merkel cells: they are modified transducers for fine touch. The dermis: The dermis consists of several components: * Fibers (collagen and elastin). * Ground substance (glycosaminoglycans) that hydrates the skin. Several types of cells: Fibroblasts (they produce collagen and elastin), Lymphocytes, Macro, Mast cells†¦ * And it has appendages; Glands like sebaceous glands that produce sebum that moisturizes the skin, Apocrine and Eccrine glands that produce sweat that has a function in the thermoregulation of the body; Hair follicles, and Nails. * Also we have supportive structures; nerves, lymphatics, vasculature, smooth muscles. So if a lesion bleeds, then we k now that the pathology is in the dermis. Now, how do we approach patients with a skin disease? * Don’t be shy to introduce yourself as a medical student! Only few of your previous colleagues in the school could get into the medical school, so be proud to say to the patient that I’m a medical student 🙂 * Believe it or not, you can establish a connection with the patient by breaking the ice with saying these few words. So it is important for you to identify yourself, so that the patient knows your name and sees your face to have a more personal relation. * Then you take the permission to touch the skin, this is the polite way! Some patients may reject that and say â€Å"NO†, so you should respect that and say â€Å"thank you†. * Also you should always maintain the patient’s privacy. Now you have to take the patient’s story, and the first thing you have to think of is to take the chief complaint of the patient. When we say that the patient has rash, this means that the patient has multiple red things with or without scale. And when the patient says that he has a lesion, this means one or few things. And the patient may have other complaints like hair loss, blisters, color change †¦ etc. After you identify the chief complaint, you have to do a quick analysis of the chief complaint: * Onset and progression. * Modifying factors. * Symptoms: the most common symptom in dermatology is itching. Some itches may be painful. And this has a diagnostic indication, for example, herpes zoster infection is a famous painful infection. * In patients who present with rashes, we have to inquire about previous illnesses; viral, fevers, infections, that’s because the rash may happen because of the illness. * Atopy like in patients who have aczema, asthma, or hay fever, this is only relevant if it was in the patient himself or in a 1st degree relative (father, mother, brothers, sisters), other relatives are not important. * Drugs used. Next we do a quick review to the systems and take the past medical history. In dermatology, we’re lucky that we see the disease, so we depend on a good description or a proper pathologic examination. Derm Exam (TSAD) Then we signified the TSAD exam (Type, Shape, Arrangement, and Distribution). * Type: The 1st step in doing dermatologic examination is to identify the type, it’s not that easy, so you have to know the terminologies and the definitions. We have primary lesions and secondary lesions, we call them secondary lesions if they are modified by other factors, and the main factor is the patient himself when he scratches the primary lesion, so it becomes a secondary lesion. Why is it important to identify the type? Because here is where formulating the differential diagnosis starts. If somebody describes a primary lesion as being a macule, for example, that means that there is only an alteration in the color or the texture of the skin, but no elevation, and no depth. So we only see a color change or a textural change. We call it patch if the diameter is more than 2 cm, and the macule is less than 0. 5 cm in diameter. Here we may think of a pigmentary disorder or a resolving papulosquampus condition as a differential diagnosis. Papules and plaques: means that it is solid and elevated; you can feel the lesion if you close your eyes. If they were small; less than 0. 5 cm in diameter, then we call them papules. If they were more than 2 cm we call them plaques. And when the patient has scaly papules/plaques, we call that papulosquamous condition; eczema is the commonest example on that. When having non-scaly papules/plaques (elevated and red in color), it is called reactive erythema. So the first step of formulating a differential diagnosis is by right identification of the type. So if somebody gives the right description -even if he consults the dermatologist on the phone-, he can know what he has, or at least he becomes oriented to a certain group of lesions. This is just to illustrate the types of the lesions. (Refer to slides #13 amp; 14) *Macule: you can see that there is only change in the color or the texture with no elevation. *Papule: there is an elevation but no apparent depth. *Nodule: its depth reaches the dermis. Those have diagnostic indications, like when we have a pathology of thickening in the epidermis, we think of pure skin disorders. But if it is significantly more in the dermis (the pathology is more in the dermis) where we have blood vessels that may bring diseases from elsewhere in body, so we think of systemic causes. *Pustule: it is accumulation of pus with a diameter less than 0. 5 cm. *Plaque: it is a solid elevation of the skin that is more than 2 cm in diameter. *Scale: it is when there is an increase in the mitosis level of the basal cells, so lots of cells are going to the surface. Cells on the surface have to be desquamated (shed). Normally, we shed cells without realizing that, because cells are shed as single cells (each cell on its own). But when we have hyper-proliferation, the shedding will be in sheets (millions of cells together); this will be visible as a scale. Scales are a hallmark of a group of lesions called papulosquamous conditions. * Shape: Here we give more details of the primary lesion concerning the color, surface, and margins. * Color: * If a lesion is red in color, this means there is blood. [The only thing in the human body which gives a red color is blood (hemoglobin in RBCs)]. This blood can be inside the blood vessels (dilated blood vessels because of inflammatory mediators like Histamine) or hemorrhage (extravasation as in vasculitis or bleeding tendency). * If a lesion is brown or black in color, there is either increase in melanin or increase in the amount of melanocytes. This has good diagnostic implications. * Yellow color comes from carotin. Carotin is present mainly in the subcutaneous fat and to some extent in the horney layer. So there are only three natural colors (pigments) in the skin: brown or black (from melanin), red (from RBCs), and yellow (from carotin). If there is excess pigment of any of them, it will give the predominant color. * Surface: When we look at the surface of the primary or secondary lesion, we have to see whether it is scaly or not. If it is scaly, then it belongs to the papulosquamous conditions; one of the biggest groups of lesions we see. If it is non-scaly, then it belongs to the group of reactive erythemas. * Margins: Margins are either well-defined or ill-defined; and this is especially important for scaly conditions. * Arrangement: How the primary lesions are arranged together. Sometimes they can be in a line (plane warts) or in vesicles (Herpes). * Distribution: If something is generalized affecting the whole skin, we think of inflammatory conditions; they tend to be symmetrical and bilateral. If it is involving only part of the skin, we think of external causes: infection, contact allergy, or trauma. If it is on the sun-exposed parts like hands and face, we think of the sun (conditions like photodermatoses / photoaggravated dermatoses). Red non-scaly rash If a patient has a rash which is red and non-scaly, then it could be a reactive erythema. We have different types of reactive erythemas; the commonest ones are urticaria, erythema multiforme, and erythema nodosum. Vasculitis is the only one of the non-scaly erythematous lesions that has hemorrhage. The other reactive erythemas are inflammatory conditions, so they are non-scaly and associated with dilated blood vessels. If we have a red area, how do we know if it is due to hemorrhage or dilated blood vessels? We do what we call diascopy. We bring a glass slide and press it over the skin; if the color disappears, then the blood vessels are dilated and can be compressed, so its not vasculitis.